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Genome Sequencing


The genome sequencing or whole-genome sequencing is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome, including both chromosomal DNA and DNA contained in the mitochondria. Being introduced as a research tool, now it is widely used in medicine. In the future, it may become the most effective tool for making predictions according to the drug response or disease susceptibility. The whole genome can't be sequenced all at once, this causes the complexity of the application of current DNA sequencing methods. The genome needs to be previously break down into short stretches, after sequencing they should be reassembled in the proper order. The genome breaking is realized by one of two approaches - "clone-by-clone" or "whole-genome shotgun". Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. The clone-by-clone method is slow but reliable. The genome shotgun method is fast and time-consuming because the sequence pieces are extremely small and it is difficult to finally collect them together.

The DNA sequencing allows determining the order of four chemical building blocks of the DNA molecule - DNA nucleotides (adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)). In result of bonding these four elements the "base pairs" are formed. The adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine with guanine. The human genome contains about 3 billion base pairs. They include the genetic information and exactly detection of these base pairs is realized by genome sequencing. Decoding of the DNA sequence allows detecting both DNA stretches - containing genes and carrying regulatory instructions, turning genes on or off. It ensures taking important information about changes in genes, which may cause diseases. The method is also applied to identify inherited disorders and mutations driving serious diseases. Use it to detect the type of rare diseases and their genetic causes to make the best choice for treatment. The genome sequencing is really powerful and important methodology for genomics researches.

Not the entire human genome is disclosed at the moment, but active researches are conducted in this area. Knowing the entire genome sequence will help to understand how the genome as a whole works, to study how the genes are turned on and off. It will give the understanding of the function of DNA stretches counted today as "nonsense" because only 1.5% of a genome are active genes. These researches will allow making reliable screenings for disease and evaluating the risk of dangerous diseases, also for newborns. The construction of more detailed Medical Family Trees will become also possible. These trees will show not only relationships between family members, patterns across generations but also the full medical history of ancestors on a genetics level.

Genome Sequencing

Example 1. Genome Sequencing

The multifunctional vector drawing software ConceptDraw DIAGRAM with the Genogram solution is recommended to design the Genograms and Medical Family Genograms of any complexity. It allows documenting your family history in a visual view. This solution offers an extensive set of predesigned vector genogram icons and symbols, including medical genogram symbols and a wide collection of examples and samples.

Medical Family Tree

Example 2. Medical Family Tree

The illustrations you see on this page were created in ConceptDraw DIAGRAM software using the drawing tools of the Genogram Solution. They successfully demonstrate the solution's capabilities and professional results you can achieve. An experienced user spent 5-10 minutes creating each of them.

Use the powerful tools of the Genogram Solution for ConceptDraw DIAGRAM software to create your own illustrations and diagrams of any complexity fast and easy, and then successfully use them in your work activity.

All source documents are vector graphic documents. They are available for reviewing, modifying, or converting to a variety of formats (PDF file, MS PowerPoint, MS Visio, and many other graphic formats) from the ConceptDraw STORE. The Genogram Solution is available for all ConceptDraw DIAGRAM users.

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DIAGRAM 18