"Subjective performance evaluation allows the use of a subtler, more balanced assessment of employee performance, and is typically used for more complex jobs where comprehensive objective measures are difficult to specify and/ or measure. Whilst often the only feasible method, the attendant problems with subjective performance evaluation have resulted in a variety of incentive structures and supervisory schemes. One problem, for example, is that supervisors may under-report performance in order to save on wages, if they are in some way residual claimants, or perhaps rewarded on the basis of cost savings. This tendency is of course to some extent offset by the danger of retaliation and/ or demotivation of the employee, if the supervisor is responsible for that employee’s output. ...
Another problem relates to what is known as the "compression of ratings". Two related influences—centrality bias, and leniency bias—have been documented ... The former results from supervisors being reluctant to distinguish critically between workers (perhaps for fear of destroying team spirit), while the latter derives from supervisors being averse to offering poor ratings to subordinates, especially where these ratings are used to determine pay, not least because bad evaluations may be demotivating rather than motivating. However, these biases introduce noise into the relationship between pay and effort, reducing the incentive effect of performance-related pay. ... this is the reason for the common separation of evaluations and pay, with evaluations primarily used to allocate training.
Finally, while the problem of compression of ratings originates on the supervisor-side, related effects occur when workers actively attempt to influence the appraisals supervisors give, either by influencing the performance information going to the supervisor: multitasking (focussing on the more visibly productive activities...), or by working “too hard” to signal worker quality or create a good impression...; or by influencing the evaluation of it, e.g., by "currying influence"... or by outright bribery..." [Principal–agent problem. Wikipedia]
The example "Person demotivated by evaluation - Fault tree analysis diagram" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Fault Tree Analysis Diagrams solution from the Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Another problem relates to what is known as the "compression of ratings". Two related influences—centrality bias, and leniency bias—have been documented ... The former results from supervisors being reluctant to distinguish critically between workers (perhaps for fear of destroying team spirit), while the latter derives from supervisors being averse to offering poor ratings to subordinates, especially where these ratings are used to determine pay, not least because bad evaluations may be demotivating rather than motivating. However, these biases introduce noise into the relationship between pay and effort, reducing the incentive effect of performance-related pay. ... this is the reason for the common separation of evaluations and pay, with evaluations primarily used to allocate training.
Finally, while the problem of compression of ratings originates on the supervisor-side, related effects occur when workers actively attempt to influence the appraisals supervisors give, either by influencing the performance information going to the supervisor: multitasking (focussing on the more visibly productive activities...), or by working “too hard” to signal worker quality or create a good impression...; or by influencing the evaluation of it, e.g., by "currying influence"... or by outright bribery..." [Principal–agent problem. Wikipedia]
The example "Person demotivated by evaluation - Fault tree analysis diagram" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Fault Tree Analysis Diagrams solution from the Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
FTA diagram
The involvement matrix (responsibility assignment matrix, RAM, RACI matrix, ARCI matrix, linear responsibility chart, LRC) defines the level of involvement and nature of participation . The diagram shows the degree of involvement for all identified parties in the execution of corrective actions.
"Key responsibility roles.
Responsible.
Those who do the work to achieve the task. There is at least one role with a participation type of responsible, although others can be delegated to assist in the work required (see also RASCI below for separately identifying those who participate in a supporting role).
Accountable (also approver or final approving authority).
The one ultimately answerable for the correct and thorough completion of the deliverable or task, and the one who delegates the work to those responsible. In other words, an accountable must sign off (approve) on work that responsible provides. There must be only one accountable specified for each task or deliverable.
Consulted (sometimes counsel).
Those whose opinions are sought, typically subject matter experts; and with whom there is two-way communication.
Informed.
Those who are kept up-to-date on progress, often only on completion of the task or deliverable; and with whom there is just one-way communication." [Responsibility assignment matrix. Wikipedia]
The involvement matrix is one of the Seven Management and Planning Tools (7 MP tools, Seven New Quality Tools).
The person involvement matrix template for the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software is included in the solution "Seven Management and Planning Tools" from the Management area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
"Key responsibility roles.
Responsible.
Those who do the work to achieve the task. There is at least one role with a participation type of responsible, although others can be delegated to assist in the work required (see also RASCI below for separately identifying those who participate in a supporting role).
Accountable (also approver or final approving authority).
The one ultimately answerable for the correct and thorough completion of the deliverable or task, and the one who delegates the work to those responsible. In other words, an accountable must sign off (approve) on work that responsible provides. There must be only one accountable specified for each task or deliverable.
Consulted (sometimes counsel).
Those whose opinions are sought, typically subject matter experts; and with whom there is two-way communication.
Informed.
Those who are kept up-to-date on progress, often only on completion of the task or deliverable; and with whom there is just one-way communication." [Responsibility assignment matrix. Wikipedia]
The involvement matrix is one of the Seven Management and Planning Tools (7 MP tools, Seven New Quality Tools).
The person involvement matrix template for the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software is included in the solution "Seven Management and Planning Tools" from the Management area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Person involvement matrix
The 3D vertical bar graph sample shows the Iran internet users per 100 person from 2000 to 2011. It was designed on the base of the Commons Wikimedia file: Iran internet users per 100 person.png.
[commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/ File:Iran_ internet_ users_ per_ 100_ person.png]
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. [creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3.0/ deed.en]
The data source is World Bank: [data.worldbank.org/ country/ iran-islamic-republic]
"In 1993 Iran became the second country in the Middle East to be connected to the Internet, and since then the government has made significant efforts to improve the nation's ICT infrastructure. Iran's national Internet connectivity infrastructure is based on two major networks: the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the public data network. The PSTN provides a connection for end-users to Internet service providers (ISPs) over mostly digital lines and supports modem-based connections. The Data Communication Company of Iran (DCI), a subsidiary of TCI, operates the public data network." [Internet in Iran. Wikipedia]
The 3D column chart example "Iran internet users per 100 person" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Bar Graphs solution from the Graphs and Charts area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
[commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/ File:Iran_ internet_ users_ per_ 100_ person.png]
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. [creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3.0/ deed.en]
The data source is World Bank: [data.worldbank.org/ country/ iran-islamic-republic]
"In 1993 Iran became the second country in the Middle East to be connected to the Internet, and since then the government has made significant efforts to improve the nation's ICT infrastructure. Iran's national Internet connectivity infrastructure is based on two major networks: the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the public data network. The PSTN provides a connection for end-users to Internet service providers (ISPs) over mostly digital lines and supports modem-based connections. The Data Communication Company of Iran (DCI), a subsidiary of TCI, operates the public data network." [Internet in Iran. Wikipedia]
The 3D column chart example "Iran internet users per 100 person" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Bar Graphs solution from the Graphs and Charts area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
3D Column chart
The vector stencils library "Cisco people" contains 17 pictogram symbols and clipart icons of people for drawing Cisco computer network diagrams.
The symbols example "Cisco people - Vector stencils library" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Cisco Network Diagrams solution from the Computer and Networks area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ computer-networks-cisco
The symbols example "Cisco people - Vector stencils library" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Cisco Network Diagrams solution from the Computer and Networks area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ computer-networks-cisco
Man
Woman
End user male
End user, CiscoWorks
Mac woman
End user female
Androgynous person
Running woman
Running man
Running man, subdued
Symbol woman
Symbol man
Symbol woman, yellow
Symbol man, yellow
Symbol woman, red
Symbol man, red
Androgynous person, blue
The vector stencils library "Workflow diagrams" contains 54 symbol icons of workflow diagrams.
The workflow diagrams represent information flow, automation of business processes, business process re-engineering, accounting, management, and human resources tasks in industry, business, and manufacturing.
Use this library to draw workflow diagrams in the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Workflow Diagrams solution from the Business Processes area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ business-process-workflow-diagrams
The workflow diagrams represent information flow, automation of business processes, business process re-engineering, accounting, management, and human resources tasks in industry, business, and manufacturing.
Use this library to draw workflow diagrams in the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Workflow Diagrams solution from the Business Processes area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ business-process-workflow-diagrams
Accounting
Accounts Payable
Accounts Receivable
Bank
Board of Directors
Copy Center
Customer Service
Distribution
Finance
Information Systems
International Division
International Marketing
International Sales
Inventory
Legal Department
Mailroom 2
Mailroom 1
Management
Manufacturing
Marketing
Motor Pool
Packaging
Payroll
Person 1
Person 2
Personnel/ Staff
Publications
Purchasing
Quality Assurance
Exchange
Reception
Research and Development
Sale contract
Shipping
Suppliers
Telecommunications
Treasurer
Warehouse
Lorry
Quality
Production
Box
Boxes
Open box
Payment
Receiving
Sales
Phone
Operator 1
Online booking
Operator 2
Server
Car
Mini truck
The vector stencils library "LDAP" contains 20 symbols of Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) elements for drawing the LDAP Directory Services network structure diagrams.
"The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an Internet Protocol (IP) network. Directory services play an important role in developing intranet and Internet applications by allowing the sharing of information about users, systems, networks, services, and applications throughout the network. As examples, directory services may provide any organized set of records, often with a hierarchical structure, such as a corporate email directory. Similarly, a telephone directory is a list of subscribers with an address and a phone number.
LDAP is specified in a series of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Standard Track publications called Request for Comments (RFCs), using the description language ASN.1. The latest specification is Version 3, published as RFC 4511. ...
A common usage of LDAP is to provide a "single sign on" where one password for a user is shared between many services, such as applying a company login code to web pages (so that staff log in only once to company computers, and then are automatically logged into the company intranet).
LDAP is based on a simpler subset of the standards contained within the X.500 standard. Because of this relationship, LDAP is sometimes called X.500-lite." [Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. Wikipedia]
The symbols example "LDAP - Vector stencils library" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Active Directory Diagrams solution from the Computer and Networks area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ active-directory-diagrams
"The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an Internet Protocol (IP) network. Directory services play an important role in developing intranet and Internet applications by allowing the sharing of information about users, systems, networks, services, and applications throughout the network. As examples, directory services may provide any organized set of records, often with a hierarchical structure, such as a corporate email directory. Similarly, a telephone directory is a list of subscribers with an address and a phone number.
LDAP is specified in a series of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Standard Track publications called Request for Comments (RFCs), using the description language ASN.1. The latest specification is Version 3, published as RFC 4511. ...
A common usage of LDAP is to provide a "single sign on" where one password for a user is shared between many services, such as applying a company login code to web pages (so that staff log in only once to company computers, and then are automatically logged into the company intranet).
LDAP is based on a simpler subset of the standards contained within the X.500 standard. Because of this relationship, LDAP is sometimes called X.500-lite." [Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. Wikipedia]
The symbols example "LDAP - Vector stencils library" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Active Directory Diagrams solution from the Computer and Networks area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ active-directory-diagrams
Country
Organization
Organizational unit
Generic object
Locality
Alias
Person
InetOrgPerson
Organizational person
Residential person
Organizational role
Group of names
Group of unique names
Device
cRL distribution point
dSA
dmd
Application process
Application entity
Unknown
"A project manager is the person responsible for accomplishing the stated project objectives. Key project management responsibilities include creating clear and attainable project objectives, building the project requirements, and managing the constraints of the project management triangle, which are cost, time, scope, and quality.
A project manager is often a client representative and has to determine and implement the exact needs of the client, based on knowledge of the firm they are representing. A project manager is the bridging gap between the production team and client. So he/ she must have a fair knowledge of the industry they are in so that they are capable of understanding and discussing the problems with either party. The ability to adapt to the various internal procedures of the contracting party, and to form close links with the nominated representatives, is essential in ensuring that the key issues of cost, time, quality and above all, client satisfaction, can be realized.
The term and title 'project manager' has come to be used generically to describe anyone given responsibility to complete a project. However, it is more properly used to describe a person with full responsibility and the same level of authority required to complete a project. If a person does not have high levels of both responsibility and authority then they are better described as a project administrator, coordinator, facilitator or expeditor." [Project manager. Wikipedia]
The UML use case diagram example "Project administrator" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Rapid UML solution from the Software Development area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
A project manager is often a client representative and has to determine and implement the exact needs of the client, based on knowledge of the firm they are representing. A project manager is the bridging gap between the production team and client. So he/ she must have a fair knowledge of the industry they are in so that they are capable of understanding and discussing the problems with either party. The ability to adapt to the various internal procedures of the contracting party, and to form close links with the nominated representatives, is essential in ensuring that the key issues of cost, time, quality and above all, client satisfaction, can be realized.
The term and title 'project manager' has come to be used generically to describe anyone given responsibility to complete a project. However, it is more properly used to describe a person with full responsibility and the same level of authority required to complete a project. If a person does not have high levels of both responsibility and authority then they are better described as a project administrator, coordinator, facilitator or expeditor." [Project manager. Wikipedia]
The UML use case diagram example "Project administrator" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Rapid UML solution from the Software Development area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
UML use case diagram
Column Chart Software
Cisco People. Cisco icons, shapes, stencils and symbols
Dealing with Difficult People
The vector stencils library "Picture Graphs" contains 35 templates of picture bar graphs for visual data comparison and time series.
Drag a template from the library to your document, set bars number, type category labels, select bars and enter your data.
Use these shapes to draw your pictorial bar charts in the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software.
The vector stencils library "Picture Graphs" is included in the Picture Graphs solution from the Graphs and Charts area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Drag a template from the library to your document, set bars number, type category labels, select bars and enter your data.
Use these shapes to draw your pictorial bar charts in the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software.
The vector stencils library "Picture Graphs" is included in the Picture Graphs solution from the Graphs and Charts area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Arrow
Water drop
Food
Grain
Agriculture
Medicines
Houses
Buildings
Money bags
Oil barrels
Natural gas
Electrical power
Nuclear power
Mechanical engineering
Chemical industry
Mining
Gold bars
Coins
Person
Men, women and children
Man
Woman
Child
Milk
Meat
Fruits
Vegetables
Computer
Mobile phone
Airliner
Car
Bus
Truck
Train
Cargo ship
Cross-Functional Flowchart
Express-G Diagram
Tools to Create Your Own Infographics
Workflow Diagram
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