Workflow diagram - Weather forecast

This work flow chart sample was redesigned from the picture "Weather Forecast" from the article "Simulation Workflows".
[iaas.uni-stuttgart.de/ forschung/ projects/ simtech/ sim-workflows.php]
"(1) The weather is predicted for a particular geological area. Hence, the workflow is fed with a model of the geophysical environment of ground, air and water for a requested area.
(2) Over a specified period of time (e.g. 6 hours) several different variables are measured and observed. Ground stations, ships, airplanes, weather balloons, satellites and buoys measure the air pressure, air/ water temperature, wind velocity, air humidity, vertical temperature profiles, cloud velocity, rain fall, and more.
(3) This data needs to be collected from the different sources and stored for later access.
(4) The collected data is analyzed and transformed into a common format (e.g. Fahrenheit to Celsius scale). The normalized values are used to create the current state of the atmosphere.
(5) Then, a numerical weather forecast is made based on mathematical-physical models (e.g. GFS - Global Forecast System, UKMO - United Kingdom MOdel, GME - global model of Deutscher Wetterdienst). The environmental area needs to be discretized beforehand using grid cells. The physical parameters measured in Step 2 are exposed in 3D space as timely function. This leads to a system of partial differential equations reflecting the physical relations that is solved numerically.
(6) The results of the numerical models are complemented with a statistical interpretation (e.g. with MOS - Model-Output-Statistics). That means the forecast result of the numerical models is compared to statistical weather data. Known forecast failures are corrected.
(7) The numerical post-processing is done with DMO (Direct Model Output): the numerical results are interpolated for specific geological locations.
(8) Additionally, a statistical post-processing step removes failures of measuring devices (e.g. using KALMAN filters).
(9) The statistical interpretation and the numerical results are then observed and interpreted by meteorologists based on their subjective experiences.
(10) Finally, the weather forecast is visualized and presented to interested people." [iaas.uni-stuttgart.de/ forschung/ projects/ simtech/ sim-workflows.php]
The example "Workflow diagram - Weather forecast" was drawn using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Workflow Diagrams solution from the Business Processes area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.

This interactive voice response (IVR) diagram sample illustrates the IVR services.
"IVR systems are typically intended to service high call volumes, reduce cost and improve the customer experience. Examples of typical IVR applications are telephone banking, televoting, and credit card services. ...
Voice-Activated Dialing
... (VAD) IVR systems are used to automate routine enquiries to switchboard or PABX (Private Automatic Branch eXchange) operators, and are used in many hospitals and large businesses to reduce the caller waiting time. ...
Entertainment and information.
Some of the largest installed IVR platforms are used for televoting on television game shows, ... which can generate enormous call spikes. Often, the network provider will have to deploy call gapping in the PSTN to prevent network overload. ...
Anonymous access.
IVR systems allow callers to obtain data relatively anonymously. Hospitals and clinics have used IVR systems to allow callers to receive anonymous access to test results. ...
Clinical trials.
IVR systems are used by pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations to conduct clinical trials and manage the large volumes of data generated. ... Applications include patient randomization and drug supply management. ...
Outbound calling.
IVR systems can be used for outbound calls, as IVR systems are more intelligent than many predictive dialer systems, and can use Call Progress Detection to recognize different line conditions...
Other common IVR services include:
Mobile - Pay-As-You-Go account funding; registration; mobile purchases, such as ring tones and logos;
Banking - balance, payments, transfers, transaction history;
Retail & Entertainment - orders, bookings, credit & debit card payments;
Utilities - meter readings; account look-up, history and balance, payment, consumption history;
Travel — ticket booking, flight information, check-in;
Weather forecasts, water, road and ice conditions" [Interactive voice response. Wikipedia]
The IVR diagram example "IVR services" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Interactive Voice Response Diagrams solution from the Computer and Networks area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.

This IVR diagram sample illustrates how ENUM works by giving an example: Subscriber A sets out to call Subscriber B:
1. The User Agent of an ENUM-enabled subscriber terminal device, or a PBX, or a Gateway, translates the request for the number +34 98 765 4321 in accordance with the rule described in RFC 3761 into the ENUM domain 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.4.3.e164.arpa.
2. A request is sent to the Domain Name System (DNS) asking it to look up the ENUM domain 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.4.3.e164.arpa.
3. The query returns a result in the form of so called Naming Authority Pointer Resource NAPTR records, as per RFC 3403. In the example above, the response is an address that can be reached in the Internet using the VoIP protocol, SIP per RFC 3261.
4. The terminal application now sets up a communication link, and the call is routed via the Internet.
This IVR diagram sample was designed on the base of the Wikimedia Commons file: Ejemplo ENUM.jpg. [commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/ File:Ejemplo_ ENUM.jpg]
"Being able to dial telephone numbers the way customers have come to expect is considered crucial for the convergence of classic telephone service (PSTN) and Internet telephony (Voice over IP, VoIP), and for the development of new IP multimedia services. The problem of a single universal personal identifier for multiple communication services can be solved with different approaches. One simple approach is the Electronic Number Mapping System (ENUM), developed by the IETF, using existing E.164 telephone numbers, protocols and infrastructure to indirectly access different services available under a single personal identifier. ENUM also permits connecting the IP world to the telephone system in a seamless manner." [Telephone number mapping. Wikipedia]
The IVR diagram example "Example ENUM" was designed using ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Interactive Voice Response Diagrams solution from the Computer and Networks area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.

The vector stencils library "Weather" contains 17 weather clipart images for drawing illustrations on climate to show cloudiness, air temperature, precipitation, wind.
"Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather generally refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather", is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth.
Weather is driven by air pressure (temperature and moisture) differences between one place and another. These pressure and temperature differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream. Weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40°C (−40°F to 100°F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbit affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long-term climate and global climate change." [Weather. Wikipedia]
The clip art example "Weather - Vector stencils library" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Nature solution from the Illustration area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ illustrations-nature